Kalimat aktif merupakan kalimat yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.
Bandingkan kalimat-kalimat berikut:
- Aktif : Susi mengetik surat ini kemarin
- Pasif : Surat ini diketik oleh Susi kemarin
- Aktif : Kucingku membunuh seekor tikus
- Pasif : Seekor tikus dibunuh oleh kucingku
Catatan:
- Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.
Contoh:
· Menara ini dibangun tahun 1955
- Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)
Contoh:
· Menara ini telah dibangun oleh Pemerintah Daerah pada tahun 1955
Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif
- Aktif : S + Verb (Kata Kerja) + Objek + dll
- Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 (Kata Kerja Bentuk III) ( + by subjek) + dll
To be yang digunakan
- Present : is, am, are
- Past : was, were
- Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
- Future : be (setelah modals)
- Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)
Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat
- Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.
- Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.
Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif
- Jack sings a song (active)
- A song is sung by Jack (Passive)
- Jack sang a song yesterday (active)
- A song was sung by Jack yesterday (passive)
- Jack has sung a song (active)
- A song has been sung by Jack (passive)
- Jack will sing a song (active)
- A song will be sung by Jack (passive)
- Jack is singing a song (active)
- A song is being sung by Jack (passive)
- Jack can sing a song (active)
- A song can be sung by Jack (passive)
Beberapa Bentuk Kalimat Passive
1) Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Let + objek + be + Kata Kerja Bentuk III
- Help the poor (active)
- Let the poor be helped (passive)
2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time
Rumus:
It is/was time for + objek + to be + kata kerja III
- It is time to send the letter (active)
- It is time for the letter to be sent (passive)
3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence
Rumus:
Subjek + be + Kata kerja III + not to + infinitive
(kata kerja III yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)
· Don’t wait for me (active)
· You are advised not to wait for me (passive)
4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception
Rumus:
Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + kata kerja III
(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)
· This food tastes delicious (active)
· This food is delicious when it is tasted (passive)
5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by “that-clause”
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: accept, admit, agree, assume, believe, decide, expect, find out, intend, plan, point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand.
· We regretted that the principal had to resign from office (active)
· It was regretted that the principal had to resign from office (passive)
6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements
· I consider her very pretty (active)
· She is considered very pretty (passive)
7) Passive Sentence with two objects
· He gave me a book (active)
· A book was given to me by him (passive 1)
· I was given a book by him (passive 2)
8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs
· The teacher enjoyed teaching the students (active)
· The students enjoyed being taught by the teacher (passive)
9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence
Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang, sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.
· We were all surprised by her sudden announcement to get married
· I was confused by his plan to stop the ongoing project and begin a new one.
10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs
Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need
· This wall needs to be painted (sama dengan)
· This wall needs painting.
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